Scientists found the arachnids within an isolated patch of southwestern rainforest, ringed by tea and rubber plantations. Living in tubular, silk-lined burrows, they are fast and aggressive, seizing unlucky insects that wander too close to their underground lairs. Measuring roughly five inches from tip to tip, these spiders are not exactly small, nor are their brilliant blue patches particularly subtle.

In fact, it’s these snazzy blue colors that first caught biologist Ranil Nanayakkara’s attention, and flagged the critters—now named Chilobrachys jonitriantisvansicklei—as potentially new to science. (Read why science still can’t explain some blue tarantulas.)

C. jonitriantisvansicklei is only the second species within the Chilobrachys genus to be found in Sri Lanka; the first, a drab brown arachnid called C. nitelinus, was identified 126 years ago. Neighboring India is home to more than two dozen closely related Chilobrachys species, and while many are mostly unremarkably brown, several are similarly adorned.

Nanayakkara, a prolific spider-hunter from Sri Lanka’s University of Kelaniya, collected some of the shimmery arachnids on an expedition in 2015, then spent two years making detailed physical comparisons between them and known Chilobrachys species. He eventually concluded that the spider was unique, as he and colleagues reported in the British Tarantula Society Journal, and named the species after donor Joni Triantis Van Sickle.

The discovery highlights the rich diversity of Sri Lankan wildlife, and how many spider species are yet to be found.

Though the spiders are clearly new to Sri Lanka, experts say more genetic research is needed to clarify C. jonitriantisvansicklei’s position on the family tree.

Genetic sequencing can confirm that the spiders are unique; the analysis is also crucial for understanding the spiders’ evolution and for planning conservation strategies. Raven notes that in areas like Sri Lanka, high levels of biodiversity are often coupled with small populations—“and even smaller scientist numbers.”

At the moment, scientists don’t know whether C. jonitriantisvansicklei is particularly rare or threatened, but other Sri Lankan spiders are listed as endangered.

This is not the first time Nanayakkara has identified a scene-stealing Sri Lankan tarantula.

In 2013, he described a new species of massive, tree-dwelling tarantula called Poecilotheria rajaei. Ornately decorated with interlocking geometric patterns, and with a legspan that could comfortably reach around your face, this so-called tiger spider ended up being a media sensation.

Though the country is a treasure trove of biodiversity, only a fraction of its riches have been closely studied since independence in 1948, Benjamin says.

For instance, of the 593 spider species currently identified on the island, 108 were described within the last two decades. The only guide to Sri Lankan spiders was published more than a century ago, he adds.

“Fieldwork conducted by us during the last few years,” Benjamin says, “has shown the presence of an abundant, largely unexplored spider fauna living in the remaining forest patches of the island.”

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